The Effect of Burning NCG on Lime Kiln Flame Patterns
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The stability of the burner flame is critically important in lime kiln operation. It can be affected greatly if noncondensible gases (NCG) are burned in the kiln. A Flow Simulation Apparatus was used to study the mixing and interaction between a simulated main burner jet and a simulated NCG burner jet in a confined cylindrical duct. The results show that the angle of the NCG jet with respect to the duct axis is the dominant factor in determining the mixing and interaction between the two jets. The lateral expansion rate of both jets decreases with an increase in Reynolds number (Re) and in Craya-Curtet number (Ct) of the jets. The expansion of the jet is important, because it determines the shape of the flame (long or bushy), the temperature and heat transfer in the kiln, and whether the flame may impinge on the kiln walls. The results also show that the recirculation zones in the confined duct are longer with two jets than they are with a single jet. This implies that burning NCG tends to lower the temperature of the main burner.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".