Exotic Cooling on Neutron Stars with Different Surface Compositions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The thermal evolution of isolated neutron stars depends on neutrino emission process, equation of state (EOS) of nuclear matter, and surface composition.Focusing on the neutrino emission process, we can classify the cooling models in two groups.First one is the "standard cooling model", which includes modified URCA process and bremsstrahlung process; these processes are believed to operate inside neutron stars.Others include some exotic processes at high density or high temperature, such as pion condensation or quark beta decay, which is named as "exotic cooling model".Since exotic models result in high neutrino emission, exotic neutron stars cool much faster than standard ones.We investigate the thermal evolution of isolated neutron stars, using both the standard and the exotic cooling processes, and two kinds of surface composition, He and Fe.Furthermore we employ nucleon superfluidity models, and adopt a critical temperature as a density-independent parameter.We find that there exist parameter regions which can be consistent with the observational results.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".