L'émergence du concept d'espèce fossile : le mastodonte américain (Proboscidea, Mammalia) entre clarté et confusion
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The idea that fossil species (Buffon's especes perdues, i. e., lost species) once existed was accepted between 1769 and 1778. This Paradigmatic revolution in the Occidental culture was based on specimens found in North America. These specimens were studied by French and British anatomists, especially Daubenton. The fossils belong to the American mastodon, Mammut americanum (Kerr. 1792). The checking of the specimens housed in the Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, allows to retrace the history of the earliest bones and teeth found in 1739 at Big Bone Lick, Kentucky, by the Indians who guided Longueuil's troupe on the way to New Orleans. The earliest molar ever figured (by Guettard in 1756), a lower third molar, m3, is identified for the first time since more than two centuries. Three molars were listed in 1764 by Daubenton as specimens found by Longueuil, and allocated to hippopotamus. Since Cuvier's statement in the early 19th century, only two of the three (two upper second molars, M2), were thought to be goused in the Museum. The third tooth (a lower second molar, m2), also housed in Museum, is identified. This tooth was previously considered as a gift sent to Buffon by Collinson, and different hypotheses are given to explain this dicrepancy. The two other specimens, found by Longueuil and described in detail by Daubenton in 1764 as belonging to an elephant, were a femur and a tusk. The femur has always been on display in the Museum. Only the tusk can be considered as lost. Finally, the status of the five molars figured by Buffon in 1778 is discussed, only three of them belong to the Aerican mastodon. In conclusion, the m3 MNHN 1643 figured for the first time by Guettard (1756) is proposed to be selected as the lestotype of Mammut americanum.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.034 | 0.005 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".