THE ROLE OF GRANULOCYTE‐MACROPHAGE COLONY STIMULATING FACTOR (GM‐CSF) IN TNBS‐COLITIS MODEL
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: GM‐CSF is a hematopoietic cytokine that promotes neutrophil proliferation and maturation, promotes survival, and primes them for enhanced functions. It is produced by a variety of cell types including endothelial cellsand macrophages. Aim: in this study, we examined the role of GM‐CSF in a chemically‐induced model of colitis; 2,4,6‐trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid (TNBS). Methods: colitis was induced by a single intrarectal injection of TNBS(4mg, 20% ethanol) at day 1. Animals were treated with a single i.p injection of neutralizing anti‐GM‐CSF antibody (100μg/mouse) on day 1, or multiple injections on day 1,2,3, and 4, and killed on day 5 post‐induction of colitis. Control mice were injected with i.p NaCl. The role of GM‐CSF in neutrophil chemotaxis in vitro was also examined. Results: single injection of GM‐CSF antibody did not change the macroscopic score of inflammation and MPO activity between antibody treated and control mice. In contrast, by using multiple injections of GM‐CSF antibody, TNBS injection induced a significant increase in the macroscopic score of inflammation and colonic MPO activity in control mice, but mice treated with anti‐GM‐CSF antibody had a significantly reduced score. Real time‐PCR showed significantly enhanced mRNA expression of GM‐CSF in the colon at day 3 and 7 post‐induction of colitis compared to saline treated mice. A significant increase in WT neutrophil chemotaxis toward GM‐CSF was seen in the under‐agarose and the Boyden chamber assay. This neutrophil chemotactic response was PI3K dependent. Conclusion: 1‐GM‐CSF induces neutrophil chemotaxis in vitro through a PI3K‐dependent pathway. 2‐TNBS induces acute inflammation in mice in vivo, and GM‐CSF neutralization ameliorates colitis severity. 3‐GM‐CSF may play a role in neutrophil recruitment to the gut.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".