The Olympic Winter Games and Brazilian Participation: The Question of National Identity in the Media Coverage
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Introduction The Olympic Winter Games (OWG) suffered from widespread inattention from press and public as being a secondary in context of Olympic Movement for many years. But, especially in last thirty years, it has attracted worldwide attention (public and participants). In fact, this had an uneasy history due to conflicts between commercialism, professionalism and Olympic ideology. Commercialism and professionalism seemed to be endemic to sports such as skiing and skating, and they could undermine Olympic core principles. It is not by chance that OWG were sometimes named as the unwanted stepchild of Olympics. (1) According to Gerlach, (2) Coubertin participated in and enjoyed winter sports, but he did not envision their inclusion in Modern Olympic Games since very beginning for both historical and philosophical reasons: (1) snow and ice sports were not part of Ancient Olympics; (2) they did not further Olympic ideal of widespread geographical distribution. (3) Avery Brundage, International Olympic Committee (IOC) president from 1952-1972, was an outspoken critic of what he called frostible follies and considered eliminating Winter Games. He viewed amateurism and political abstinence as fundamental Olympic values without which Olympic idea was doomed to fail. However, rules of Games changed to meet new demands. In this context, policies of expansion were created in 1980s influenced by both Lord Killanin's and Samaranch's presidencies. One of those policies' goals was encouragement and support for increasing number of participant countries at OWG (even those ones in which winter sports practice would hardly be possible because of their climate conditions). Within this opening and expanding process a new sociological problematic emerged from Olympics context, which dramatizes (4) social relations, including identity dilemmas. The comprehension of Olympic Games as a cultural performance event (5) provide us important elements for understanding national identity narratives. In its understanding, it is valuable to highlight most significant performative genres mentioned by MacAloon (6) which, according to him, are a central part of Olympic ideology: spectacle, festival, ritual and drama. Based on social theory, identities are defined by symbolic oppositions. According to MacAloon, (7) Olympic Games and its rituals incorporate three structural identities, those of individuum, nation and humankind. By considering this, we can assert that Olympics' context is a potential field for elaboration and identification of those symbolic oppositions. DaMatta (8) asserts that rituals are special moments of social life; they are not divorced from it. In rituals, some elements of reality are emphasized and/or diminished. By studying them, the world things acquire a different meaning and can express more than what they express in their regular context. This study aims to analyze sociological and historical aspects of Brazil's participation at Olympic Winter Games mainly motivated by question: How is construction of Brazilian national identity engineered by media in a set of sports that can hardly be associated to Brazil? And, what are marked characteristics present in Brazilian press narratives of Vancouver 2010 Games? (9) The research material for study is drawn from coverage in O Globo, a Brazilian daily newspaper. Previous sociological studies on Brazilian Winter Olympic experience will serve as a basis for comparison of results in a hermeneutic perspective (10). First, a brief historical overview of Latin American countries' involvement with Olympic Movement (focused on Brazil) is provided. Then, analysis itself is developed discussing, fundamentally, national identity concept in discursive practice perspective. …
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.009 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".