Proanthocyanidins from cranberry ( <i>Vaccinium macrocarpon</i> ) inhibit matrix metalloproteinase expression in prostate cancer cells by affecting multiple cell signaling pathways
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study examined the effects of a proanthocyanidin‐enriched fraction (PAC) from cranberry ( Vaccinium macrocarpon ) on matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity in DU145 human prostate cancer cells in vitro . MMP‐2/−9 activity was inhibited by PAC in a dose/time dependent manner. PAC (25 ug/mL) decreased cellular viability 30% post 6 h.of treatment and had no significant effect on cellular viability post 3 h. Treatment of DU145 cells with PAC for 3 h. resulted in increased expression of p‐p38, pERK‐1, pERK‐2 protein levels. Increased JNK1 and decreased JNK2 protein expression occurred in response to PAC with corresponding alterations in p‐JNK1 and p‐JNK2. PAC treatment decreased protein expression levels of AKT, p‐AKT, P‐I‐3 kinase p85/p110 proteins. Treatment of DU145 cells with PAC resulted in inhibition of translocation of NF‐kB as suggested by decreased protein expression of p65 in the nuclear fraction. No apparent change in IkB alpha protein levels were noted. Decreased protein levels of p‐IkB alpha were observed. PAC fraction has the ability to inhibit MMP‐2/−9 activity at a concentration which is not cytotoxic to these cells suggesting that PACs inhibit MMP activity levels in DU145 cells in a targeted manner independent of cellular cytotoxicity effects. (N.C.I.C.‐ Canadian Cancer Society, P.E.I. Health Research Program, The Cranberry Institute (Wisconsin Board) funded)
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".