Sleep-Disordered Breathing and White Matter Disease in the Brainstem in Older Adults
Bibliographic record
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES: To examine whether sleep-disordered breathing is associated with white matter disease in the brainstem. DESIGN: A population-based longitudinal study. SETTING: Allegheny County, PA; Sacramento County, CA; and Washington County, MD. PATIENTS OR PARTICIPANTS: A total of 789 individuals, aged 68 years or older, drawn from the Sleep Heart Health Study. INTERVENTIONS: N/A. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: The participants underwent home polysomnography in 1995-1998 and cerebral magnetic resonance imaging in both 1992-1993 and 1997-1998. The apnea-hypopnea index was not associated with white matter disease in the brainstem, with or without adjusting for age, sex, race, community, body mass index, smoking status, alcohol use, systolic blood pressure, and the use of antihypertensive medication. In contrast, the arousal index (number of arousals per hour of sleep) was inversely associated with brainstem white matter disease (odds ratio = 0.75 for a SD increase in the arousal index, 95% confidence interval: 0.62, 0.92). CONCLUSIONS: The frequency of apneas and hypopneas was not associated with brainstem white matter disease in these older adults. A unique relationship with arousal frequency suggests that ischemic changes in the brainstem may be associated with arousals during sleep.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".