Role of GnRH as a neuromodulator during egg-laying behavior in two pulmonate snails: Helisoma (Planorbidae) and Lymnaea (Lymnaeidae).
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Egg-laying behavior in snails is comprised of elaborate stereotypical oral and locomotory behaviors preceding oviposition. Here we propose a role for gonadotropin releasing-hormone(GnRH), a peptide known for its importance in vertebrate reproduction, as a neuromodulator during egg-laying in two species of snails. During egg-laying, snails clean a small area of the substrate using their oral apparatus. This substrate cleaning behavior is accompanied by constant shell turning in Lymnaeids, while among Planorbids it is associated with an extension of the pseudobranch. In both cases, these supposedly help the movement of eggs through the reproductive tract. Previous studies have shown that lesions to the intestinal nerve (IN), which connects the central nervous system(CNS) to the reproductive system, effectively abolishes shell turning and substrate cleaning behavior in Lymnaea. Further, IN stimulation causes excitation of pedal cells necessary for shell turning behavior. It has been hypothesized that the movement of the eggs through the reproductive tract is signaled through the IN to the CNS, to allow synchronization during egg-laying. The mechanism of signaling involved and its modulatory effects on the buccal and the pedal central pattern generators (CPGs) is as yet unknown. Here we suggest that GnRH acts as a signaling molecule from the IN to the CNS and modulates the buccal CPG in both Lymnaeids and Planorbids. Using immunohistochemistry and electrophysiology we show – 1.the presence of GnRH, in both Lymnaeid and Planorbid nervous systems; 2.that IN stimulation elicits similar long-term rhythmic patterns in the buccal CPG of both families of snails; 3.this long term buccal motor pattern is similar to that obtained on bath application of GnRH. This study will help us comprehend better the role of GnRH as a neuromodulator in patterned behaviors
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".