Immunological Changes in Response to Acute Exercise, Considering Puberty and Sex
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This research was conducted to elucidate age-, puberty-, and sex-related effects on immunological changes in response to acute exercise. Compared with young men, 9-and 10-yr-old boys experienced smaller natural killer (NK) cell and interleukin-6 (IL-6) changes and a faster neutrophil and IL-6 recovery in response to exercise (Chapter 3). In these boys, exercise-induced neutrophil and NK cell changes were also more sensitive to carbohydrate (CHO) intake. The possible interaction of puberty and CHO intake on NK cell responses to exercise was then investigated in boys at the same chronological age (Chapter 4 ). The magnitude of change in NK cells was greatest in boys at advanced stages of puberty, and responses to CHO intake were most sensitive in prepubertal boys. To further investigate age-, puberty-, and sex-related differences in leukocyte and cytokine responses to exercise, boys and girls ages 12 and 14 were studied (Chapter 5). Neutrophil, lymphocyte, NK cell, and IL-6 responses were more pronounced in 14-yr-old versus 12-yr-old and in mid-versus early-pubertal girls. Age-and puberty-related differences in neutrophil recovery were also observed in the boys. Sex differences (girls> boys) in lymphocytes and NK cells were observed among 14-yr-old, but not 12-yr-old and among mid-, but not late-pubertal subjects. Finally, the effects of sex, menstrual phase (MP) and oral contraceptive (OC) use on leukocyte and IL-6 responses to exercise were studied in adults (Chapter 6). Compared with men, women experienced larger increases in lymphocytes, but MP did not influence immune changes. A novel observation was that OC use increased the magnitude of exercise-induced changes in leukocyte subsets. Collectively, the studies in this thesis represent the first comprehensive examination of age-, puberty-, and sex-related effects on immunological changes in response to exercise and provide the first reports of immune-related responses to CHO intake during exercise in children.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".