The Borderlands under German Occupation (1941–1944): Social Context of the Soviet Reconquest
Bibliographic record
Abstract
You think that you can demand something from the Germans. The only ones who can demand anything here are we, the Germans. … You cannot demand anything. German soldiers liberated your land and as long as a single German soldier remains here, only we, the Germans, will command. … As long as I am in charge here, don't talk about independence. Forget this, gentlemen. – Lauers, the representative of the Generalkommissar in Latvia, about the prospect of Latvian independence The German invasion triggered anti-Soviet uprisings in all the western provinces. Pursued by the Wehrmacht and harassed by nationalist guerrillas, the Red Army and civilian administrators evacuated the borderlands. This chapter examines the impact that the German occupation and the actions of nationalist groups, German collaborators, and Red partisans had on borderland societies. It also offers an overview of the strategies nationalists chose during the German occupation and explains how those strategies affected relations between them, the Germans, and the borderland population. All nationalists, except the Poles, collaborated with the Germans, hoping the latter would allow them to establish independent states. The Germans, however, sought to turn the conquered eastern lands into a vast agrarian colony of the Reich. The brief honeymoon between the Germans and the nationalists ended with arrests and executions of nationalist leaders by the Nazis. The clashes between nationalists and Red partisans and the ethnic cleansing conducted by nationalists polarized the borderland societies.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.006 | 0.009 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".