Influence of second-order bracket-archwire misalignments on loads generated during third-order archwire rotation in orthodontic treatment
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the influence of a rotational second-order bracket-archwire misalignment on the loads generated during third-order torque procedures. Specifically, torque in the second- and third-order directions was considered. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An orthodontic torque simulator (OTS) was used to simulate the third-order torque between Damon Q brackets and 0.019 × 0.025-inch stainless steel archwires. Second-order misalignments were introduced in 0.5° increments from a neutral position, 0.0°, up to 3.0° of misalignment. A sample size of 30 brackets was used for each misalignment. The archwire was then rotated in the OTS from its neutral position up to 30° in 3° increments and then unloaded in the same increments. At each position, all forces and torques were recorded. Repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to determine if the second-order misalignments significantly affected torque values in the second- and third-order directions. RESULTS: From statistical analysis of the experimental data, it was found that the only statistically significant differences in third-order torque between a misaligned state and the neutral position occurred for 2.5° and 3.0° of misalignment, with mean differences of 2.54 Nmm and 2.33 Nmm, respectively. In addition, in pairwise comparisons of second-order torque for each misalignment increment, statistical differences were observed in all comparisons except for 0.0° vs 0.5° and 1.5° vs 2.0°. CONCLUSION: The introduction of a second-order misalignment during third-order torque simulation resulted in statistically significant differences in both second- and third-order torque response; however, the former is arguably clinically insignificant.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".