Bibliographic record
Abstract
The law merchant has been described as “a venerable old lady who has twice disappeared from the face of the earth and twice been resuscitated” (Goldman, 1983: 3). Berthold Goldman here refers to the disappearance of the Roman jus gentium , occasioned by the breakup of the Roman world and both the disintegration of international economic relations in the Middle Ages and its reappearance in eleventh-century Europe with the rebirth of international commerce. The second disappearance is said to have occurred in the seventeenth century when nation-states localized and nationalized commercial law, resulting in a period of hibernation that lasted until the reappearance of a modern lex mercatoria in the twentieth century. Legal theorists generally agree that the law merchant has progressed through three phases in its evolution, although few would agree that it had ever “disappeared from the face of the earth.” However, the characterization of its development as a continuous movement or progression from the first phase of medieval internationalism, through the second of localization and nationalization, to the third of modern internationalism and transnationalism misses sharp discontinuities and changes flowing from altered historical, material, ideological, and institutional conditions. The law merchant is implicated in significant changes in society and political economy over its three phases. It has changed in relation to changing social, political, and economic conditions. But it has also contributed to their transformation. This chapter analyzes the first phase in the development of the law merchant.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".