Quantitative links between Pacific salmon and freshwater ecosystem structure
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Spawning Pacific salmon affect freshwater ecosystems through substrate disturbance and the marine-derived nutrient pulse they deliver.I examined relations between a) salmon abundance and stream periphyton after spawning, and b) salmon abundance and invertebrate communities in the spring.I used 24 sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) spawning streams in central British Columbia, Canada.After spawning, periphyton was enriched in salmon nitrogen but abundance was negatively related to salmon abundance, likely from substrate disturbance during spawning.Thus nutrient enrichment does not always translate into increased abundance.In the spring, the abundance of grazing mayflies and predatory stoneflies was positively related to salmon abundance, probably from increased algal growth caused by salmon nutrients delivered in previous years.Thus the salmon nutrient pulse can have ecological effects that extend long after spawning.The influence of spawning salmon on freshwater ecosystems differs through the year, across ecosystem components, and in relation to salmon abundance.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".