Mobility and relative permeability effects on surfactant-enhanced remediation treatments
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In order to study the influence of mobility and relative permeability effects on surfactant-enhanced remediation processes, carefully-designed porous media experiments have been conducted with trichloroethylene (TCE) as the contaminating phase in sandpacks prepared with Ottawa sand. Injection of an aqueous solution of the anionic surfactant MA-80 into linear sandpacks resulted in the removal of >99% of the residual TCE within 2 pore volumes. Multiple pressure taps along the sandpacks revealed a high pressure transient associated with the movement of the NAPL bank through the column; this is attributed to a relative permeability effect localised at the front of the NAPL bank. Experimental evidence for the formation of viscous NAPL/surfactant phases both within and outside the sandpacks were also obtained. The impact of these mobility and relative permeability effects on SEAR process efficiency was simulated by conducting parallel sandpack floods with one sandpack initially at residual TCE concentration and the other free of TCE. In the higher-dimensional parallel flood, in fact, these factors cause the majority of the surfactant solution injected to enter the clean column. \nClassificato ISI
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".