Near-infrared spectroscopy of the detrusor during urodynamics with simultaneous ultrasound measurements of bladder dimensions and position
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) has recently been applied to evaluation of bladder function during voiding by transcutaneously monitoring changes in the concentration of oxygenated (O 2 Hb) and de-oxygenated (HHb) haemoglobin within the detrusor muscle during voiding. This prospective cohort study evaluated the consistency of bladder anatomy relative to the suprapubic location of the NIRS sensor patch during simultaneous invasive urodynamic pressure flow studies (UDS) and non-invasive NIRS monitoring in female subjects evaluated for lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). Pelvic ultrasound measurements of the bladder were performed after bladder emptying, at 150 ml, 300 ml and maximum capacity in supine, sitting and upright positions; simultaneous NIRS data at 10 Hz were collected during UDS. Ultrasound measurements in 24 subjects (14 with and 14 without hysterectomy) showed that a NIRS sensor patch positioned on the abdomen 2 cm superior to the symphysis remained directly over the anterior wall of the bladder throughout the voiding cycle, with no significant difference in bladder measurements relative to the abdominal wall with or without hysterectomy. At higher bladder volumes the majority of bladder expansion appeared to involve the dome. Conclusions: With bladder volumes of 150 cc or greater the anterior wall is within the field of view of a NIRS sensor on the abdominal skin, and prior hysterectomy does not compromise NIRS monitoring of the detrusor.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".