Eating and Acculturation in a Filipino American Population on a Small Hawaiian Island
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The objective of our study was to examine the relationship between eating and U.S. acculturation in a largely Filipino American population living on a geographically isolated Hawaiian Island. Participants (N = 69) were 12-19 year old children enrolled in a public school. We measured eating disturbances, U.S. acculturation, body dissatisfaction, depression, self-esteem, family cohesion, self-loathing, and perfectionism using surveys. Level of U.S. acculturation predicted degree of eating disturbances. Eating pathology occurred in 17% of participants with girls showing a higher risk than boys. Body dissatisfaction, self-loathing, and perfectionism were significant predictors of eating disturbance. Results suggest that Filipino American children are at greater risk for eating disturbances as they and their families become more integrated with U.S. culture. Filipino populations immigrating to the United States may undergo significant changes in availability of foods and activity patterns. Perhaps as a consequence of these changes, Filipino immigration to the U.S. is associated with changes in eating patterns and tendency to develop eating pathology (Farrales & Chapman, 1999; Lauderdale & Rathouz, 2000). Eating disturbances are important to examine since Filipino Americans show high rates of hypertension and type-2 diabetes relative to other cultural groups (Colin Bell, Adair, & Popkin, 2002; Cuasay, Lee, Orlander, Steffen-Batey & Hanis, 2001). Research on Filipino Americans has indicated a surprising gender difference in risk of eating pathology. Filipino American males show a pattern of eating disorder symptoms and body dissatisfaction similar to that of White American females (Edman & Yates, 2005; Yates & Edman, 2004). Our study examines eating attitudes and related variables of a largely Filipino-American population residing on a remote and isolated Hawaiian Island. Acculturation can be defined as a change in an individual's behaviors and attitudes resulting from contact with another culture. Research has shown that immigrants from a number of different countries, including the Philippines, change their eating habits and may be more likely to develop eating pathology after becoming acculturated to North American values (Cachelin & Regan, 2006; Farrales & Chapman 1999; Geller & Thomas, 1999; Gowen, Hayward, Killen, Robinson, & Taylor, 1999; Mastria, 2002; Park, Paik, Skinner, Ok, & Spindler, 2003). For example, Farrales and Chapman (1999) interviewed Filipino women living in Canada and found that immigrants easily distinguished between Filipino and North American values regarding thinness and dieting. Most of the participants saw themselves as having been influenced by North American values that emphasized thinness as an ideal. Another study (Lauderdale & Rathouz, 2000) examined Asian-American immigrants from six cultures (including Filipino) and found that length of stay in the U.S. was positively associated with Body Mass Index (BMI, kg/[m.sup.2]), indicating that immigrants steadily gained weight after moving to the United States. There are few published studies on the eating habits of Filipino-American children. Young Filipino-American children tend to have low weights but gain weight rapidly compared with other ethnic groups. In one study of multiethnic children in Hawaii (Baruffi, Hardy, Waslien, Uyehara, & Krupitsky, 2002), one-third of Filipino American one-year-old children were classified as underweight. However, at ages 2-4, only 12% of Filipino American children were underweight, showing that they gained weight rapidly. This increase of BMI among Filipino American children put them at a 76% greater risk of becoming overweight adults than White Americans (Baruffi, et al., 2002). Filipino American adolescents also show more subcutaneous fat than Mexicans, Whites, or African Americans (Malina, Huang, & Brown, 1995). These results suggest that Filipino American children, as well as adults, may show effects of U. …
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".