Application of infrared spectroscopy in the measurement of breath trace compounds: a review
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The diagnostic potential of human breath has been appreciated for many years, yet the application of infrared spectroscopy for the detection of breath trace compounds is still in its infancy. Few diagnostic or investigative tests involving breath are based upon infrared spectroscopic techniques, its most prominent use to date being the detection of breath ethanol concentration for law enforcement. However, this is destined to change with the emergence of numerous infrared spectroscopic systems designed to measure stable isotope ratios in breath and the substantial market associated with such tests, e.g. the urea breath test for helicobacter pylori. This review article discusses the diagnostic potential and infrared spectroscopy of breath, several of its common features being illustrated with high-resolution spectra. An emphasis is placed on the recent development of instruments to perform isotope ratio breath tests with various approaches described and critiqued. Also the feasibility of using infrared spectroscopy to perform isotopic breath tests other than those based on is explored.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".