Modified Pressure Plate Apparatus and Column Testing Device for Measuring SWCC of Sand
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The determination of soil-water characteristic curve (SWCC) is of major concern in unsaturated soil mechanics. For decades experimental and theoretical studies are performed to investigate the constitutive relationship between soil suction and volumetric water content. The major objective of our study is to generate an extensive experimental database for sand with a relevant suction range of just a few kPa. This database enables to derive conclusions on the sensitivity of hydraulic properties regarding different experimental procedures. Further, one objective is the comparison of results for SWCC derived from steady state and transient state tests. While the first type of tests considers equilibrium states, the subsequent test is related to non-equilibrium states. Experimental results are generated from a so called homogenous element test (modified pressure plate apparatus) and an initial boundary value experiment (column testing device) considering different hydraulic loading path directions. The experiments are analysed for sand with different initial states. Finally results are presented for SWCC including initial curves, main curves, and scanning paths. Discussion is focused on transient state versus steady state flow tests. No significant dynamic effects are observed for the sand studied. Results of well controlled element tests compare very well to initial boundary value experiments implying higher experimental efforts.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".