The Economic Performance of Children of Immigrants Relative to Children of Natives in Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper examines that labour market performance of children of immigrants (second generation) relative to that of children of natives (third generation) in Canada using a Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition method. The methodology allows for the difference in the average wage of second generation Canadians and that of third generation Canadians to be decomposed into explained component (that reflects differences in human capital characteristics such as experience and educational attaintment) and an unexplained component (that reflect difference in returns to human capital). On the whole, the results indicate that second generation Canadians (both sexes) earn about 6% to 10% more than third generation male and female Canadians. Most of the positive earning gap is attributed to difference in observable characteristics such as higher educational attainment and the higher concentration of second generation Canadians in Census Metropolitan Area's (CMA's) and high wage provinces such British Columbia. Also observed is that second generation Canadians enjoy a work experience premium relative to third generation Canadians of the same age.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".