NTOs and State Policy: The Paradigms of Political Economy and Insitutional Response to Tourism in Times of Economic Crisis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this paper, we look at the three broad capitalist models for political/economic organization upon which states organize themselves and then explore examples of those states and each country’s response to tourism. In order to investigate this, we take two examples of social democratic states (Sweden and Finland), two examples of liberal states (the USA and Canada), and two examples of mercantilist states (South Korea and Japan) to see how the state organizes itself in terms of tourism. We find that countries with liberal, mercantilist, and social democratic political and economic systems have very different institutions to deal with tourism, with liberal states tending to have weak state institutional responses to tourism while mercantilist states have strong ones. The investigation has implications for states in the current financial crisis, since the state’s response to the crisis will either be consistent with the political philosophy upon which the state’s institutions rest or run counter to the prevailing political and economic thinking upon which the state’s institutions rest.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.021 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.008 | 0.006 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".