Malaria, anaemia and nutritional status among schoolchildren in relation to ecosystems, livelihoods and health systems in Kilosa District in central Tanzania
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Malaria prevalence and transmission intensity in Tanzania is heterogeneous with spatial and temporal variations between geographical areas and ecological systems. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of malaria, anaemia and nutritional status in relation to livelihoods, ecosystem and health systems in Kilosa District in central Tanzania. METHODS: This study was conducted in four villages, two characterised by rice irrigation ecosystem and the other two by dry savannah ecosystem and pastoral livelihoods. In each ecosystem, one of the villages had a healthcare facility. Schoolchildren were screened for malaria infection using malaria rapid diagnostic test (mRDT) and microscopy and they were assessed for their anaemia and nutritional statuses. RESULTS: A total of 1,019 school children (age = 4-16 years) were screened for malaria infection. The overall prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum infection was 10.6% and 4.5% by mRDT and microscopy, respectively. Children from pastoral villages had lower (2.9%) prevalence of malaria than their counterparts (18.2%) in the rice irrigation villages. A significantly high risk of malaria was observed among children in rice irrigation than in the pastoral ecosystem (OR: 0.13; 95%CI 0.07, 0.23). Children living in areas with health care facilities had a low odd of malaria infection by 45% (OR: 0.55; 95% CI = 0.35, 0.86). Overall, the prevalence of anaemia in the district was 43.4% (n = 775); and 58.3% of those with severe anaemia were among children from the pastoral villages. Anaemia was significantly higher among children not using mosquito nets (p = 0.049); and among those with malaria infection (p <0.001). The majority (96%) of the children had Body Mass Index less than 18.5 kg/m(2) which indicate high proportion of underweight. CONCLUSION: There are significant variations in the risk of acquiring malaria infection between different ecosystems and livelihoods. These findings suggest that malaria control programmes must take into account ecosystems and livelihoods of the targeted population through an integrated management of malaria and nutrition approach.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".