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Record W1481898368

Transformation Tendencies of the Global Monetary System

2013· article· pl· W1481898368 on OpenAlexaboutno aff
Volodymyr Tokar

Bibliographic record

VenueInstitutional Repository of Vadym Hetman Kyiv National Economic University iRKNEU (Kyiv National Economic University named after Vadym Hetman) · 2013
Typearticle
Languagepl
FieldEconomics, Econometrics and Finance
TopicEconomic Issues in Ukraine
Canadian institutionsnot available
Fundersnot available
KeywordsReserve currencyMonetary systemSpecial drawing rightsCurrencyLiberian dollarEconomicsMonetary hegemonyMonetary policyIssuerForeign-exchange reservesMonetary economicsDigital currencyBalance of paymentsInternational financeInternational economicsFinanceForeign exchange risk
DOInot available

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

The article reveals the contradiction between the role of the US dollar as the main global re-serve currency and its national origin, which causes the misuse by the US government to cover the chronic trade and budget deficit.
\nThe author researches the crisis management transformation tendencies of the global mone-tary system, namely the weakening positions of the US dollar and euro as the key reserve curren-cies; the gradual formation of the regional monetary unions; the shifting to the national currencies in mutual trade and settlement operations without the US dollar mediation; the gradual replace-ment of the US dollar by the Chinese Yuan as the key reserve currency.
\nThe author discloses that the future key regional currencies are “amero” in the USA, Canada and Mexico; “afro” in Africa; “pachu” in Latin America; ACU in the Asian and Pacific region; “Golden dinar” in the Persian Gulf region; “sucre” in the Caribbean region; “euras” in the Europe-an and Asian Economic Commonwealth.
\nArtykuł ukazuje sprzeczności pomiędzy rolą dolara amerykańskiego jako głównej globalnej waluty rezerwowej a jego narodowym charakterem, co powoduje niewłaściwe jego wykorzystanie przez rząd Stanów Zjednoczonych do pokrywania chronicznego handlowego i budżetowego deficytu.
\nAutor badaniom poddaje tendencje transformacyjne w ramach zarządzania kryzysowego globalnym systemem pieniężnym, w szczególności osłabianie się pozycji dolara i euro jako kluczowych walut re-zerwowych, stopniowe kształtowanie się regionalnych unii walutowych, zwrot w kierunku walut naro-dowych we wzajemnym handlu i operacjach inwestycyjnych bez pośrednictwa dolara, stopniowe zastę-powanie dolara amerykańskiego przez chińskiego yuana jako kluczowej waluty rezerwowej.
\nAutor przewiduje, że kluczowymi regionalnymi walutami w przyszłości będą „amero” w Stanach Zjednoczonych, Kanadzie i Meksyku; „afro” w Afryce; „pachu” w Ameryce Łacińskiej; ACU w regionie Azji i Pacyfiku; „złoty dinar” w regionie Zatoki Perskiej; „Sucre” w regionie Karaibów: „euras” we Wspólnocie Gospodarczej Europy i Azji.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

How this classification was reachedexpand

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.001
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesMeta-epidemiology (narrow), Science and technology studies, Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)
Consensus categoriesInsufficient payload (model declined to judge)
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Theoretical or conceptual · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.805
Threshold uncertainty score1.000

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0010.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0010.001
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0020.001
Bibliometrics0.0010.001
Science and technology studies0.0010.002
Scholarly communication0.0000.004
Open science0.0020.001
Research integrity0.0010.001
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0010.001

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.010
GPT teacher head0.174
Teacher spread0.163 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it

Classification

machine, unvalidated

Machine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.

Study designTheoretical or conceptual
Domainnot available
GenreEmpirical

How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".

Quick stats

Citations0
Published2013
Admission routes1
Has abstractyes

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