Primary motor cortex and feedback control: long-loop reflexes reflect joint mechanics and not joint motion
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A fundamental problem with multijoint movements is that motion and torque are coupled between different joints. Therefore, in order to accurately compensate for mechanical perturbations, the brain must convert motion of the limb, sensed by proprioceptors, into motor commands that consider these interjoint interactions. In order to understand how the brain performs this transformation, we examined the activity of neurons in primary motor cortex during transient perturbations of the limb. In general, the activity of neurons during the perturbations was more similar to the cell's response during a motor task as compared to the cell's response to passive limb motion. This suggests that neural activity appears to reflect not simply the sensory motion during a perturbation. Rather, the neural activity appears to reflect the requisite joint torques to compensate for the perturbations. These results illustrate that an important role of the transcortical long loop reflex is to consider limb mechanics in sensorimotor feedback control.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".