The Earth's bow shock velocity distribution function
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract It is well established that interplanetary disturbances cause the Earth's bow shock to move sunward or earthward. Since the launch of the Cluster mission, precise determination of the shock velocity was carried out allowing for the possibility to perform sophisticated investigations about the shock dynamics. The shock normal and velocity are determined for 381 Earth's bow shock crossings using data from the Spatio Temporal Analysis of Field Fluctuations ‐ Spectrum Analyzer experiment on board the Cluster spacecraft. We have found that the observed radial shock velocity is well fitted by a Maxwellian for speeds less than 80 km s−1. The Maxwellian fit provides a standard deviation km s−1. Assuming that the shock motion is exclusively controlled by the time rate of change of solar wind ram pressure, a probability density for the shock velocity near the nose region is constructed using the basic elements of probability theory. The obtained results are in a very good agreement with the observations when typical conditions of the solar wind are considered. The present study indicates that the ram pressure is a predominant parameter in shock dynamics and the relevance of the Mach number is not a determinant.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".