Applications of Gamma Knife Radiosurgery for Experimental Investigations in Small Animal Models
Bibliographic record
Abstract
IntroductionThe Gamma Knife (GK) was not originally designed for experimentations in small animals.In fact, there are no compatible custom accessories or stereotactic frames on the market for the spatial positioning of small animals in the GK.In addition, the GK is intensively used for patient treatments, and consequently the access for research with small animals is limited.On the other hand, devices specially designed for the irradiation of small animals are available on the market.For examples, small animal irradiators can be purchasable from Best Theratronics (Theratronics, 2011), Rad Source Technologies (Rad Source Technologies, 2011), Precision X-Ray Inc. (Precision X-Ray, 2011) and Xstrahl-Gulmay Medical Inc. (Xstrahl, 2011).Compared to the GK, these small animal irradiators have the following advantages: lower cost, smaller size, some are shielded and thus don't require a special shielded room, some can be combined with an imaging device that allows to image the animal and immediately irradiate the region of interest and, if needed, repeat imaging.Then, since irradiators designed for small animal already exist, why use a GK for animal experimentations?The answer should include technical as well as conceptual aspects.The most important benefit of using the GK for small animals is related to the difference between conventional external radiotherapy and GK radiosurgery (GKRS).Radiation deposition with a GK is produced by multiple concentric beams that allow high dose deposition in a very small volume.These converging beams of ionizing radiation in a precise volume allow a rapid fall-off of dose near the edges which limit adverse effects on the surrounding adjacent tissue.This chapter is devoted to a review of some characteristics of "homemade" stereotactic frames allowing small animal fixation in the Gamma Knife, and explores small animal researches done with a Gamma Knife published in the literature. In-house designed stereotactic frame for use with the Gamma Knife for small animalsEven if GK is reported to be used for irradiation of large animals like cat and baboon (
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.008 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".