Dynamic intelligence towards smart and green world

The ever-growing next generation communication technologies provide Dynamic Intelligence (DI) and play an increasingly critical role in all aspects of our lives. Following ubiquitous computing, sensors, e-tags, networks, information, services, and the like, is a road towards a smart world created on both cyberspaces and real spaces. On the other hand, with dramatically increasing demand on computing and storage systems, IT infrastructures have been scaled tremendously, which results in huge amount of energy consumption, heat dissemination, greenhouse emission, and even part of climate change. As such, green computing has come to the picture seeking solutions for computing and IT infrastructures to be energy efficient and environmentally friendly. Despite a wide body of research and development effort, ensuring the communications of cyberspaces and real spaces, how to make things, environments and world smart and green remains an open challenge. This special issue is in response to the increasing convergence between green and smart computing, whereas different approaches exist, challenges, and opportunities are numerous in this context. The research papers selected for this special issue represent recent progresses in the field, including works on communications, access network, cloud computing, resource management, energy harvesting, wireless network, intelligent mobility, vehicle networks, and mobile computing technologies and applications. All of these papers not only provide novel ideas and state-of-the-art techniques in the field, but also stimulate future research in the smart and green environments. Energy efficiency is a key requirement for the design of short-range network. The paper by Zu Fan Zhang, Yin Xue Yi and Jing Yang entitled ‘Energy efficiency based on joint mobile node grouping and data packet fragmentation in short-range communication system’ 1 designed an energy-efficient scheme-based on joint mobile nodes (MN) grouping and data packet fragmentation, analyzed the energy efficiency corresponding to different packet length and group sizes, and established an appropriate energy consumption model. Simulation results show that, when mobile nodes of short-range system are grouped by the proposed MN grouping algorithm and all nodes of each group are operating with the same size of data packet fragmentation, the short-range communication system can provide significant energy savings. The results provide useful insights into the possible operation of the strategies and show that significant energy reductions are possible. The statistical multiplexer problem was analyzed extensively in the discrete-time case within the context of ATM access networks or Internet. Despite the vast literature on ATM multiplexer, this problem has not been satisfactorily analyzed in the continuous-time case. In the paper by Wenhong Tian entitled ‘Analysis and efficient provisioning of access networks with correlated and bursty arrivals’ 2, a statistical multiplexer consisting of a single-server queue is modeled and analyzed. The authors proposed a continuous time queuing model to analyze a number of statistical multiplexer linked in series. This work conducts analysis of the characterization of the departure process from a statistical multiplexer. In real systems, the arrival process and departure process to a queuing network can be auto correlated. Relaying is an emerging and effective technology, which can overcome the limitation of cell coverage and cell edge users' throughput and improve the overall system performance of wireless networks. In the paper by Jinlong Cao, Tiankui Zhang, Zhimin Zeng, Yue Chen and Kok Keong Chai entitled ‘Multi-relay selection schemes based on evolutionary algorithm in cooperative relay networks’ 3, multi-relay selection schemes, which consider both single objective and multi-objective, are proposed. The single objective optimization problems of the best cooperative relay nodes selection for signal-to-noise ratio maximization or power efficiency optimization are solved. The relay systems can select one solution from the Pareto front solutions according to the tradeoff of signal-to-noise ratio and power consumption to take part in the cooperative transmission. Simulation results show that the quantum particle swarm optimization based multi-relay selection schemes have the ability to search global optimal solution compared with other multi-relay selection schemes in literature. Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) compose a large number of sensor nodes, which collaboratively collect information about the physical world such as human behaviors, and environment pollution. On the other hand, fault diagnosis plays an important role on stable applications maintaining in WSNs. The paper by Xiangrong Xiao, Dewen Hu, Deke Guo, and Kebin Liu entitled ‘IF: isolating fault nodes with mobile scanner’ 4 proposes a novel mechanism isolating fault nodes, that employs the mobile node as a scanner to diagnose the faults in WSNs. The mobile scanner can detect the fault nodes within its communication region by using sniffer. It can also control the transmitting route of nodes by modifying their links. The authors aim at finding the least number of monitoring-stations and discovering an optimal route. The proposed mechanism isolating fault maintains the stabile service of WSNs in a transparent manner. The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm can effectively isolate fault nodes, alleviate the damages of network corrupting, and hence increase the resilience of WSNs. Position information is of vital importance in the various applications in energy-constrained wireless sensor networks. It has to design a localization mechanism considering both precision and energy consumption factors. The paper by Deyun Gao, Wanting Zhu, Xiaoyu Xu, and Han-Chieh Chao entitled ‘A hybrid localization and tracking system in camera sensor networks’ 5 proposes a hybrid localization system in wireless sensor networks, which is composed of coarse-grained localization system and fine-grained localization system. The coarse-grained localization system takes the wireless signal strength as the reference for distance and gets the rough region as the unknown node. The fine-grained localization system is in charge of location refinement that takes image to localize the unknown node with camera sensor nodes. On the basis of the hybrid localization system, the authors design a hybrid tracking system for localizing a moving object. They build up a test bed to conduct experiments with our developed sensor network. The experiment results show that the proposed hybrid localization and tracking system can achieve high-position precision and low energy consumption. Server consolidation using virtualization technologies allow large-scale datacentres to improve resource utilization and energy efficiency. However, most existing consolidation strategies solely focused on balancing the trade-off between performance service-level-agreements desired by cloud applications and energy costs consumed by hosting servers. The paper by Wei Deng, Fangming Liu, Hai Jin, Xiaofei Liao, and Haikun Liu entitled ‘Reliability-aware server consolidation for balancing energy-lifetime tradeoff in virtualized cloud datacenters’ 6 proposes a Reliability-Aware server Consolidation stratEgy, named RACE, to address when and how to perform energy-efficient server consolidation in a reliability-friendly and profitable way. The focus is on the characterization and analysis of this problem as a multi-objective optimization, by developing a utility model that unifies multiple constraints on performance service-level-agreements, reliability factors, and energy costs in a holistic manner. Simulations are conducted to validate the effectiveness and scalability. Over the last few decades, global concerns about climate change and the alarming rate at which energy reserves are being depleted have increased. The great concern about climate change and fossil fuel dependency is strongly encouraging the development and use of electric vehicles. However, the wide adoption of such vehicles is not possible without the deployment of charging infrastructures capable of integrating them into current and future electricity grids. The paper by Gregorio López, Víctor Custodio, Francisco J. Herrera, and José Ignacio Moreno entitled ‘Machine-to-machine communications infrastructure for smart electric vehicle charging in private parking lots’ 7 aims at designing and developing a smart charging infrastructure for private parking lots. It presents its communications architecture, designed under the guidelines of efficiency, reliability, and scalability. In addition, we describe, supported by some practical use cases and emulations, how user authentication and authorization, as well as accounting and billing of power consumption, are performed even in roaming scenarios. With the growing proliferation of wireless communication devices, the need for a low-power energy-harvesting technique has become essential. Energy harvesting is a process by which energy readily available from the environment is captured and converted into usable electrical energy. The paper by Dong-You Choi, Sika Shrestha, Jung-Jin Park and Sun-Kuk Noh entitled ‘Design and performance of an efficient rectenna incorporating a fractal structure’ 8 presents an efficient rectenna capable of harvesting ambient RF energy to obtain utilizable DC power at a frequency of 2.45 GHz. The rectifying antenna incorporates a fractal structure at its antenna section. The unique space-filling property of fractals is implemented to develop an antenna with a significant size reduction. The realized rectenna has the capacity to exhibit a maximum efficiency of 57% at an input power level of 20 dBm. The simulated antenna and rectenna are experimentally tested and found to be in good agreement with each other. Server farms generally consume an enormous amount of energy, which not only increases the running cost but also simultaneously enhances their greenhouse gas emissions. The paper by Aibo Song, Wei Wang, and Junzhou Luo entitled ‘Stochastic modeling of dynamic power management policies in server farms with setup times and server failures’ 9 investigates the impact of dynamically powering on/off servers on energy and performance in a typical server farm environment. Prior work has analyzed similar models for a single server, but no analytical results are known for multi-servers. The authors mainly use the matrix-geometric method to analyze this model and system performance measures are explicitly developed in terms of computable forms. An Energy-Performance tradeoff model is derived to determine the optimal management policy for the server farms. They discuss some extensions of the proposed model to show its robustness as well as to point out avenues for future research. Numerical examples are provided at several points throughout the paper to illustrate the correctness of their analysis results and to validate the optimization approach. All of the aforementioned papers address either energy issues or communication/network systems or propose novel application models in the various cloud, ubiquitous communication fields. They also trigger further related research and technology improvements in application of smart and green computing. Honorably, this special issue serves as a landmark source for education, information, and reference to professors, researchers, and graduate students interested in updating their knowledge about or active in cloud/green computing, resource provisioning and management, and novel application models for mobile cloud computing and communication systems. This special issue of Journal of Internet Technology covers different aspects of the problem, both from the theoretical to practical side. After a large open call, which received 51 submissions, an international editorial committee selected nine research papers. Each paper was reviewed by at least three reviewers. An acceptance rate of 17.6% has resulted from the selection. The guest editors would like to express sincere gratitude to Prof Mohammad Obaidat (EiC, IJCS), for giving the opportunity to prepare this special issue. In addition, we are deeply indebted to numerous reviewers for their professional effort, insight, and hard work put into commenting on the selected articles, which reflect the essence of this special issue. Last but not least, we are grateful to all authors for their contributions and for undertaking two-cycle revisions of their manuscripts, without which this special issue could not have been produced. Prof. Ching-Hsien (Robert) Hsu is a professor in Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering at Chung Hua University, Taiwan, and distinguished chair professor in School of Computer and Communication Engineering at Tianjin University of Technology, China. His research includes high performance computing, cloud computing, parallel and distributed systems, ubiquitous/pervasive computing, and intelligence. He has published 200 papers in refereed journals, conference proceedings, and book chapters in these areas. He has been involved in more than 100 conferences and workshops as various chairs and more than 200 conferences/workshops as a program committee member. He is the editor-in-chief of International Journal of Grid and High Performance Computing and International Journal of Big Data Intelligence and serving as editorial board for around 20 international journals. He has been acting as an author/co-author or an editor/co-editor of 10 books from Springer, IGI Global, World Scientific, and McGraw-Hill. He has also edited a number of special issues at top journals, such as IEEE Transactions on Cloud Computing, IEEE Transactions on Services Computing, Future Generation Computer Systems, Journal of Supercomputing, International Journal of Communication Systems, Automated Software Engineering, Journal of System Architecture, Concurrency and Computation: Practice and Experience, The Knowledge Engineering Review, Internet Research, and Information System Frontiers. He was awarded five times with the annual outstanding research award through 2005 to 2012 and a distinguished award in 2008 for excellence in research from Chung Hua University. He has been serving as executive committee of Taiwan Association of Cloud Computing (TACC) from 2008 to 2012 and executive committee of the IEEE Technical Committee of Scalable Computing (2008–2012). He is a member of Phi Tau Phi Scholastic honor society, an IEEE senior member, the regional director of the Future Technology Research Association (FTRA), and the standing director of Taiwan Association of Cloud Computing (TACC). Prof. Laurence T. Yang graduated from Tsinghua University, China, and got his PhD in Computer Science from University of Victoria, Canada. He joined St. Francis Xavier University in 1999. His current research includes parallel and distributed computing, and embedded and ubiquitous/pervasive computing. He has published many papers in various refereed journals, conference proceedings, and book chapters in these areas (including around 100 international journal papers such as IEEE Transactions on Computers, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, IEEE Transactions on System, Man and Cybernetics, IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration Systems, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine, IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems, IEEE Transactions on Circuit and Systems, IEEE Transactions on Service Computing, ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems, IEEE Systems Journal, ACM Transactions on Autonomous and Adaptive Systems, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, and IEEE Intelligent Systems). He has been involved actively in conferences and workshops as a program/general/steering conference chair (mainly as the steering co-chair of IEEE UIC/ATC, IEEE CSE, IEEE HPCC, IEEE/IFIP EUC, IEEE ISPA, IEEE PiCom, IEEE EmbeddedCom, IEEE iThings, IEEE GreenCom, etc) and numerous conference and workshops as a program committee member. He served as the vice chair of IEEE Technical Committee of Supercomputing Applications (TCSA) until 2004, was the chair (elected in 2008 and 2010) of IEEE Technical Committee of Scalable Computing (TCSC), and is the chair of IEEE Task force on Ubiquitous Computing and Intelligence (2009 until present). He was also in the steering committee of IEEE/ACM Supercomputing conference series (2008–2011) and the National Resource Allocation Committee (NRAC) of Compute Canada (2009–2013). In addition, he is the editor-in-chief of several international journals. He is serving as an editor for many international journals. He has been acting as an author/co-author or an editor/co-editor of many books from Kluwer, Springer, Nova Science, American Scientific Publishers, and John Wiley & Sons. He has won several Best Paper Awards (including IEEE Best and Outstanding Conference Awards such as the IEEE 20th International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications (IEEE AINA-06)), one Best Paper Nomination, Distinguished Achievement Award (2005), and Canada Foundation for Innovation Award (2003). He has been invited to give around 30 keynote talks at various international conferences and symposia.

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