Local sweating on the forehead, but not forearm, is influenced by aerobic fitness independently of heat balance requirements during exercise
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
The present study investigated the influence of maximal oxygen uptake (V(O2 max)) on local steady-state sudomotor responses to exercise, independently of evaporative requirements for heat balance (E(req)). Eleven fit (F; (V(O2 max))61.9 ± 6.0 ml kg(-1) min(-1)) and 10 unfit men (UF; (V(O2 max)) 40.4 ± 3.8 ml kg(-1) min(-1)) cycled for 60 min at an air temperature of 24.5 ± 0.8°C and ambient humidity of 0.9 ± 0.3 kPa at a set metabolic heat production per unit surface area, producing the same E(req) in all participants (BAL trial) and, in a second trial, at 60% of (V(O2 max)). During the BAL trial, absolute power (F 107 ± 2 and UF 102 ± 2 W; P = 0.126), E(req) (F 175 ± 5 and UF 176 ± 9 W m(-2); P = 0.855), steady-state whole-body sweat rate (F 0.44 ± 0.02 and UF 0.47 ± 0.02 mg cm(-2) min(-1); P = 0.385) and local sweat rate on the arm (F 0.29 ± 0.03 and UF 0.35 ± 0.03 mg cm(-2) min(-1); P = 0.129) were not different between groups; however, local sweat rate on the forehead in UF (1.67 ± 0.20 mg cm(-2) min(-1)) was almost double (P = 0.002) that of F (0.87 ± 0.11 mg cm(-2) min(-1)). Heart rate, ratings of perceived exertion and relative exercise intensity were also significantly greater in UF (P < 0.05). There was a trend towards an elevated minute ventilation in UF (P = 0.052), while end-tidal P(CO2) was significantly lower in UF (P = 0.028). At 60% (V(O2 max)), absolute power (F 174 ± 6 and UF 110 ± 5 W; P < 0.001), E(req) (F 291 ± 14 and UF 190 ± 17 W m(-2); P < 0.001), steady-state whole-body sweat rate (F 0.84 ± 0.05 and UF 0.53 ± 0.03 mg cm(-2) min(-1); P < 0.001) and local sweat rate on the arm (F 0.75 ± 0.04 and UF 0.35 ± 0.03 mg cm(-2) min(-1); P < 0.001) and on the forehead (F 2.92 ± 0.42 and UF 1.68 ± 0.23 mg cm(-2) min(-1); P = 0.022) were all significantly greater in F compared with UF. Heart rate and ratings of perceived exertion were similar at all time points (P > 0.05). Significantly greater minute ventilation (P < 0.001) and end-tidal P (CO2) responses (P = 0.017) were found in F. In conclusion, aerobic fitness alters local sweating on the forehead, but not the forearm, independently of evaporative requirements for heat balance, and may be the result of differential control of sweating in these skin areas associated with the relative intensity of exercise.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it