Mecanismos fisiopatológicos del crecimiento de la hemorragia intracerebral: estudio de marcadores biológicos de daño endotelial y de inflamación
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Abstract
INTRODUCCION: El crecimiento de la hemorragia intracerebral (CHIC) ocurre en el 38% de los pacientes durante las primeras 24 horas y se ha relacionado con un peor pronostico. Se ha sugerido que el CHIC se produciria en el area perihematoma, en relacion con multiples mecanismos, entre los que se han implicado el efecto mecanico producido por el propio hematoma que induciria a la isquemia, la liberacion de sustancias procedentes del coagulo, la expresion de metaloproteasas que degradan los componentes de la lamina basal y la activacion de la cascada inflamatoria. HIPOTESIS DE TRABAJO: Nuestra hipotesis de trabajo se basa en que el crecimiento precoz de la hemorragia intracerebral (CPHIC) se debe a la ruptura de la lamina basal por la accion de metaloproteasas y mediadores de inflamacion, lo que conduciria a la expresion de marcadores de dano endotelial e inflamacion en plasma. OBJETIVOS: El objetivo primario de nuestro estudio fue investigar si los marcadores de dano endotelial (fibronectina celular (C-FN) y metaloproteasa-9 (MMP-9)) y los mediadores de inflamacion (IL-6 y TNF-alfa) se relacionan con el CPHIC y el objetivo secundario analizar si el CPHIC se relaciona con el deterioro neurologico precoz y la situacion funcional de los pacientes a los 3 meses. MATERIAL Y METODOS: Se incluyeron 183 pacientes consecutivos en un estudio multicentrico, diagnosticados de HIC espontanea supratentorial mediante TC craneal y evaluados dentro de las primeras 12 horas desde el inicio de los sintomas. Se realizo una evaluacion neurologica a su llegada a urgencias, a las 48 horas y a los 3 meses, incluyendo la escala canadiense (EC). Se definio el deterioro neurologico precoz como el descenso en un punto o mas en la EC entre la exploracion a las 48 horas y la basal. A los 3 meses se valoro la dependencia mediante la escala de Rankin modificada (ERm) y la mortalidad. Se practico una TC craneal al ingreso y a las 48 horas. Se definio el crecimiento de la HIC como el incremento >33% respecto al volumen inicial para las HIC de 10% para las HIC = 20 cc. RESULTADOS: Se observo CPHIC en el 29.5% de los pacientes. El analisis bivariado detecto niveles de leucocitos y fibrinogeno al ingreso significativamente superiores en el grupo de pacientes con CPHIC (n=129) respecto al grupo sin CPHIC (n=54), asi como niveles inferiores de plaquetas y menor porcentaje de invasion ventricular en el primer grupo. Las concentraciones plasmaticas al ingreso de IL-6, TNF-alfa, MMp-9 y C-FN fueron significativamente superiores en los pacientes que presentaron CPHIC. Se observo una correlacion positiva entre los niveles de C-FN y MMP-9 al ingreso y el porcentaje de crecimiento del hematoma (r=0.77 y r=0.64, respectivamente; p<0.0001). Esta correlacion, aunque menor, tambien se observo entre los niveles plasmaticos al ingreso de TNF-alfa e IL-6 y el porcentaje de crecimiento del hematoma. El analisis de regresion logistica identifico como variables con capacidad predictiva independiente sobre el crecimiento del hematoma los niveles de C-FN al ingreso > 5.9 mg/ml (OR 81; IC95% 20-325; p 24.4 pg/ml (OR 18; IC95% 2.5-137; p=0.004) y los niveles de fibrinogeno al ingreso (OR 1; IC95% 1-1,01; p=0.04). Se observo deterioro neurologico precoz en el 44.4% de los pacientes con CPHIC y en el 13.2% de los pacientes sin CPHIC (p 2) del 75.5% y 54.5%, respectivamente (p<0.05). El CPHIC se asocio a un incremento en el riesgo independiente de deterioro neurologico precoz (OR 3.7; IC95% 1.1-12.4), mortalidad (OR 5.2; IC95% 1.9-14.2) y dependencia a los 3 meses (OR 3.7; IC95% 1.0-13.2) tras ajustar por las variables significativas en el analisis bivariado. CONCLUSIONES: El CPHIC se produce en el 29.5% de los pacientes en las primeras 48 horas. Los pacientes con CPHIC presentaban niveles plasmaticos al ingreso de fibrinogeno, leucocitos, IL-6, TNF-alfa, MMP-9 y C-FN significativamente mas elevados y niveles mas bajos de plaquetas y menor porcentaje de invasion intraventricular. Los factores predictivos independientes de CPHIC fueron los niveles de C-FN, IL-6 y fibrinogeno al ingreso. El CPHIC se relaciono con un incremento en el riesgo de deterioro neurologico precoz y morbimortalidad a los 3 meses. Estos datos apoyan la participacion de la ruptura de la lamina basal y de la inflamacion en los mecanismos fisiopatologicos que intervienen en el crecimiento del hematoma cerebral. INTRODUCTION: Hematoma growth (HG) has been reported in the 38% of patients during the first 24 hours and has been associated to poor outcome. HG has been related to several mechanisms that occurred in the area perihematoma, such as a mechanic effect that lead to ischemia, the release of clot-derived proteins, metalloprotease expression and inflammatory-cascade activation. HYPOTHESIS: We hypothesize that early hematoma growth (EHG) is a consequence of the rupture of basal lamina due to the action of metalloproteases and inflammatory mediators, that lead a plasma overexpression of vascular injury and inflammatory markers. OBJECTIVE: Our primary objective was to investigate if vascular injury markers (cellular fibronectin (C-FN) and metalloprotease-9 (MMP-9)) and inflammatory markers (IL-6 and TNF-a) are associated to the EHG. The secondary objective was to analyze if the EHG is related to early neurological deterioration and functional situation of patients at 3 months. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: We included 183 consecutive patients with a spontaneous HIC diagnosed by cranial CT and evaluated during the first 12 hours from symptoms onset in a multicentre study. Neurological evaluation including the Canadian Stroke Scale (CSS) was performed at admission, at 48 hours and 3 months. Early neurological deterioration was diagnosed when the CSS score decreased 1 or more points between admission and 48 hours. At 3 months we evaluated dependency by the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) and mortality. A cranial CT was performed at admission and at 48 hours. EHG was defined as an increase in the volume of ICH of > 33% on the 48-hours CT scan compared with the baseline CT scan in ICH 10% in the case of ICH = 20 cc. RESULTS: EHG occurred in the 29.5% of patients. Bivariate analysis identified that patients with EHG (n=54) had higher leukocyte count, and plasma fibrinogen levels at admission, and lower platelet count and intraventricular bleeding than non EHG patients (n=129). Plasma concentrations of IL-6, TNF-_, MMP-9, and C-Fn were significantly higher in patients with subsequent EHG. A highly significant correlation was found between plasma C-Fn and MMP-9 levels on admission and the percentage of ICH growth (r=0.77 and r=0.64, respectively; both p 5.9 mg/ml (OR 81; IC95% 20-325; p 24.4 pg/ml (OR 18; IC95% 2.5-137; p=0.004) and fibrinogen levels on admission were independently associated with EHG in the logistic regression analysis. Early neurological deterioration was observed in the 44% of patients with EHG and in the 13.2% of non EHG patients (p 2) in the 75.5% and 54.5% (p<0.05). EHG was significantly associated with an increased risk of early neurological deterioration (OR, 3.7; 95%CI, 1.1-12.4), mortality (OR, 5.2; 95%CI, 1.9-14.2), and poor functional outcome at 3 months (OR, 3.7; 95%CI, 1.0-13.2) after adjustment for potential confounders in the bivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS: EHG occurred in the 29.5% of patients during the first 48 hours. Patients with EHG had higher leukocyte count, and plasma fibrinogen levels at admission, and lower platelet count and intraventricular bleeding than non EHG patients. Plasma C-FN, IL-6 and fibrinogen levels on admission were independent predictive factors of EHG. EHG increased the risk of early neurological deterioration and mortality and dependency at 3 months. These findings support the implication of basal lamina rupture and inflammatory-cascade in the pathogenesis of EHG.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.004 | 0.005 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it