L’endettement international et les problèmes d’ajustement : une perspective générale
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper reviews the theory of international indebtedness over time from the viewpoint of both the demand and the supply of international credit. The demand for foreign credit depends ultimately on the optimal trade-off between financing and correcting external deficits, subject to the constraint of availability of credit. The conditions for debt crises to arise are analysed. The overall supply of international credit depends mainly on trade imbalances and on the rate of growth of international reserves. The supply of credit for a single country depends on risk indicators related to its solvency and liquidity positions. It is assumed that the international cycle of indebtedness for balance of payments reasons has a deflationary potential once borrowing limits have been reached.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.008 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.012 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.008 | 0.018 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.008 | 0.008 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.014 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".