Evaluation of loose deposits in distribution systems through: unidirectional flushing
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The objective of this project was to evaluate the extent of loose deposit accumulation in distribution systems in three Canadian cities to determine optimal flushing frequency. Unidirectional flushing was used to remove the deposits. The results obtained were found to be highly system‐dependant. The normalized mass of flushed deposits varied from less than 0.1 g/m (0.03 g/ft) to approximately 40 g/m (12 g/ft). For the range of velocities attained during flushing (0.65–2.3 m/s [2.1–7.6 fps]), the quantity of collected deposits was not a function of velocity. Analysis of the composition of the deposits confirmed the specificity of each water system. In all systems, the major fraction was iron corrosion compounds (38–72%), but organic matter (14–24%) and silicoaluminum compounds (7–16%) were also found to account for an important part of the deposits. Microbiological analyses revealed concentrations of total bacteria of approximately 1010 bacteria/g, but the presence of total coliforms was limited to 1.2% of the samples (n = 258).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".