Prevalence of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke at work and at home--15-year trends in Finland.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: This study describes the 15-year trends of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke at work and at home in Finland. METHODS: A postal survey was made annually from 1985 to 2000. It included a random sample of 58,721 Finnish men and women aged 15 to 64 years. RESULTS: In the middle of the 1980s, about a quarter of employed nonsmoking men and 15% of nonsmoking women were exposed at least 1 hour daily to environmental tobacco smoke at work. In 2000, the proportions were 7.9% and 4.4%, respectively. Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke at home decreased also slightly. In 2000, 14.3% of the nonsmoking men and 13% of the nonsmoking women aged 15 to 64 years were exposed to environmental tobacco smoke either at work or at home. Exposure at work was about three times more common among smokers than among nonsmokers, but a decreasing trend was also found among smokers. In 2000, in 85% of workplaces smoking was permitted only in separate smoking rooms, or no one was smoking within the work environment. On the other hand, in 7.3% of workplaces smoking was permitted also in common areas. CONCLUSIONS: In the past 15 years, exposure to environmental tobacco smoke at work decreased significantly in Finland. Both legislative actions and the general decrease in smoking prevalence have contributed to this decline. However, despite the marked decrease, nearly 14% of nonsmokers aged 15 to 64 years are still exposed to environmental tobacco smoke, either at home or in the workplace.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".