Antioxidant supplementation attenuates changes in innate immunity associated with diesel exhaust (DE) in the lung: A controlled crossover exposure study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Rationale: Oxidative stress is thought to induce negative health effects associated with exposure to DE and may result from altered innate immunity. Therefore, anti-oxidant supplementation may modify DE-related changes in phagocytosis in airways. Methods: 12 participants (4 mild asthmatics and 8 healthy controls) completed a double-blinded, randomized, crossover, counter-balanced study of 3 exposure conditions, each separated by a 2-wk washout period: (1) DE (300ug PM 2.5 /m 3 for 2 hours) with anti-oxidant (N-acetylcysteine 600mg 3x/day for 5 days preceding, and on the day of the exposure) [“DEN”], (2) DE with placebo [“DEP”], or (3) filtered air with placebo [“FAP”]. Induced sputum was collected 6 hours after each exposure. Sputum neutrophils and macrophages were analyzed by flow cytometry for changes in innate immune response (phagocytosis). Those with PC20≤8 were defined as “reactive” and those with PC20>8 as “non-reactive”. Results: Phagocytosis in sputum macrophages was greater after DEP than after FAP (mean phagocytosis units = 22.8 and 15.8, respectively) and this difference was attenuated by DEN (mean phagocytosis units = 17.8 units). 6 subjects were methacholine-reactive at baseline; reactivity status did not modify phagocytosis. Conclusions: DE-associated increase in phagocytosis in human airways appears mitigated by anti-oxidant supplementation (N-acetylcysteine). The suggestion that DE upregulates the innate immune response in sputum macrophages, and that this is mediated by oxidative stress, parallels novel data from our lab regarding changes in airway reactivity to methacholine in response to FAP, DEP, and DEN.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".