La comparaison des systèmes de protection sociale en Europe. De la classification à l’analyse des trajectoires d’État providence
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Le processus d'intégration européenne, la globalisation des échanges économiques et l'intensification des réformes des systèmes nationaux de protection sociale ont impulsé un développement remarquable des travaux d'analyse comparée des Etats providences. Quelques-unes des récentes étapes de cette réflexion sur l'avenir des dispositifs nationaux de protection sociale sont rappelées ici. L'auteur montre ainsi que l'on est passé, en à peine une décennie, d'un débat centré sur l'identification de types d'État providence, avec des controverses sur la nature des variables à prendre en compte ou sur le nombre de ces régimes typiques, à une réflexion qui privilégie les trajectoires de ces systèmes de protection sociale, autrement dit à une analyse des mutations que connaissent ces différents régimes, ce qui pose centralement la question de leur convergence ou de leur démantèlement partiel.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.010 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.007 | 0.010 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".