Bibliographic record
Abstract
Feeding a patient with respiratory failure is more complicated in a neonatal than in an adult intensive care setting. For adults the goal is to maintain an acceptable energy balance without imposing extra metabolic and respiratory stress on the organism. In newborn infants, the caloric cost for growth has to be added to the energy balance which means that additional respiratory demands will be imposed on the neonate, because the growth process itself produces carbon dioxide and consumes oxygen. Nutritional status affects the respiratory system directly by providing energy for the respiratory muscles and development of lung structure and function; indirectly, the level of energy intake (EI) and the dietary macronutrient composition modify the metabolic demands and affect the respiratory system by modifying central ventilatory drive and the respiratory gaseous exchange. This chapter describes the effect of nutrition on the development and function of the respiratory system in newborns. The first portion describes the interactions between nutrition and structural, biochemical, and functional changes in the lung. The second part addresses metabolic needs of infants with acute respiratory distress and describes the effects of EI and/or diet composition on respiratory gas exchange and energy metabolism in intravenously fed neonates. Nutrition, metabolism, and the respiratory system Lung development and morphology The preterm infant with a birth weight of 1000 g has an expendable nonprotein energy reserve of less than 200 kcal, with 1%–2% of the body weight as fat and less than 1% as glycogen.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.030 | 0.009 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".