Pressure-induced changes in the electron density distribution in <i>α</i>-Ge near the <i>α-β</i> transition
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Electron density distributions in α-Ge have been determined under high pressure using maximum entropy method with structure factors obtained from single crystal synchrotron x-ray diffraction in a diamond anvil cell. The results show that the sp3 bonding is enhanced with increasing pressure up to 7.7(1) GPa. At higher pressures but below the α-β transition pressure of 11.0(1) GPa, the sp3-like electron distribution progressively weakens with a concomitant increase of d-orbitals hybridization. The participation of d-orbitals in the electronic structure is supported by Ge Kβ2 (4p-1s) x-ray emission spectroscopy measurements showing the reduction of 4s character in the valence band at pressures far below the α-β transition. The gradual increase of d-orbitals in the valence level in the stability field of α-Ge is directly related to the eventual structural transition.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".