Cryogenic Permanent Magnet Undulator Development at HZB/BESSY II
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The costs of a synchrotron radiation facility scales approximately linearly with the length (FEL) or the circumference (storage ring) of the machine. It is always beneficial for the reduction in overall expenses to utilize short period in-vacuum undulators (IVUs) for X-ray production. This is the reason for the success of the IVU development which was started almost 20 years ago in Japan [1 T. Hara, J. Synch. Rad., 5, 403–405 (1998).[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]–3 T. Tanaka, Proc. FEL Conf., Stanford, CA, 370–377 (2005). [Google Scholar]]. Today, IVUs are implemented into nearly all third-generation storage rings. Ten years ago, the concept of cryogenically cooled permanent magnet undulators (CPMUs) was proposed [4 T. Hara, Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams, 7, 050702-1-6 (2004).[Crossref] , [Google Scholar]]. The magnetic properties of rare earth magnets (i.e., the remanence and the coercivity) improve substantially at low temperatures. The remanence increases by about 15%, whereas the coercivity grows by a factor of three to four. Due to the performance gain and the low technical risk of CPMUs, such devices are under development all over the world. The first generation of CPMUs, with period lengths well below 20 mm, is successfully operated at ESRF [5 J. Chavanne, AIP Conf. Proc., SRI 2009, Melbourne, Australia 1234, 25–28 (2010). [Google Scholar], 6 J. Chavanne, Proc. PAC, Vancouver, BC, Canada, 2414–2416 (2009). [Google Scholar]], PSI [7 T. Tanaka et al, Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams, 12, 120702-1-5 (2009).[Crossref] , [Google Scholar]], DIAMOND [8 C. Ostenfeld and M. Pedersen, Proc. IPAC, Kyoto, Japan, 3093–3095 (2010). [Google Scholar]], SOLEIL [9 C. Benabderrahmane, J. Phys., Conf. Ser., SRI 2012, Lyon, France 425, 032019-1-4 (2013). [Google Scholar]], and SPring-8 [10 T. Tanaka, Private communication (2015). [Google Scholar]].
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it