Validity of the dipole approximation in TEM‐EELS studies
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Nondipole effects in electron energy-loss spectroscopy are evaluated in terms of deviation of the inelastic scattering from a Lorentzian angular distribution, which is assumed in established procedures for plural-scattering deconvolution, thickness measurement, and Kramers-Kronig analysis. The deviation appears to be small and may be outweighed by the effect of plural (elastic + inelastic) scattering, which is not removed by conventional deconvolution methods. In the core-loss region of the spectrum, non-Lorentzian behaviour stems from a reduction of the generalized oscillator strength from its optical value and (for energies far above an ionization threshold) formation of a Bethe-ridge angular distribution. At incident energies above 200 keV, retardation effects further distort the angular dependence, even for core losses just above threshold. With an on-axis collection aperture, non-dipole effects are masked by the rapid falloff of intensity with scattering angle, but they may become important for off-axis measurements. Near-edge fine structure is sensitive to nondipole effects but these can be minimized by use of an angle-limiting collection aperture.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it