Late-time Inhomogeneity and Acceleration of the Universe
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The inhomogeneous distribution of matter in the non‐linear regime of galaxies, clusters of galaxies and voids is described by an exact, spherically symmetric inhomogeneous solution of Einstein’s gravitational field equations, corresponding to an under‐dense void. The solution becomes the homogeneous and isotropic Einstein‐de Sitter solution for a red shift z > 10 – 20, which describes the matter dominated CMB data with small inhomogeneities. A spatial volume averaging of physical quantities is introduced and the averaged time evolution expansion parameter θ can give rise in the late‐time universe to a volume averaged deceleration parameter 〈q〉 that is negative for a positive matter density. This allows for a region of accelerated expansion which does not require a cosmological constant. A negative deceleration parameter can be derived by this volume averaging procedure from the Lemaître‐Tolman‐Bondi open void solution, which describes the late‐time non‐linear regime associated with galaxies and under‐dense voids and solves the “coincidence” problem.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".