Percutaneous Instillation of Chemolytic, Chemotherapeutic, and Antifungal Agents
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Percutaneous therapy delivers medications directly into the collecting system, allowing high local concentrations while avoiding potential systemic complications. In this chapter, techniques of percutaneous instillation, and indications and side effects of chemolytic, chemotherapeutic, and antifungal agents are presented. In patients who are unfit for surgery, stone dissolution through chemolysis remains an option even with the advent of sophisticated endourologic technologies. It is most useful for cystine and struvite stones, and it is an option for uric acid stones when systemic medical therapy is not feasible. Unfortunately, there is no clinically useful irrigant for calcium oxalate calculi. Intracavitary immunotherapy/chemotherapy is a useful adjuvant therapy postendoscopic management of noninvasive upper tract transitional cell carcinoma with acceptable side effects. However, no individual study has shown significant difference in survival or recurrence. For patients with localized genitourinary fungal infections, percutaneous instillation of antifungal agents such as amphotericin B permits administration of highly toxic drugs, thereby minimizing systemic effects.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".