High-resolution x-ray spectroscopy to probe quantum dynamics in collisions of Ar<sup>17+,18+</sup>ions with atoms and solids, towards clusters
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract We report on studies of projectile excited states produced by electron capture in both low and high velocity regimes, and when highly charged ions (HCIs) collide either with dilute or dense matter. Quantum effects in the interaction dynamics are probed via high-resolution x-ray spectroscopy for Ar 17+ at 7 keV u −1 and for Ar 18+ at 13.6 MeV u −1 on Ar, N 2 or CH 4 gas targets and on carbon solid foils. Relevant comparison between those two collision velocity regimes, and between gaseous and solid targets reveal specific features. In particular, the effect of multiple capture process occurring within a single-collision with gaseous target can be compared with the consequence of multistep collisions arising at surfaces and in solid-bulk at low velocity. At high velocity, beside evidence for collective response of the target electrons due to the wake field induced by HCI passing through the solid-bulk, we demonstrate that excitation and ionization collision processes damp the populations of projectile excited states for long ion transit times. The evolution of the np population as a function of n in solid is at variance from the 1/ n 3 law found in gas, and the disagreement increases with solid target thickness. We have also tackled studies of HCIs in collision with clusters showing that x-ray spectroscopy provides a powerful tool to sign the presence of clusters in a supersonic gas jet.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".