Alison R. Marshall. the Way of the Bachelor: Early Chinese Settlement in Manitoba
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Alison R. Marshall. Way of Bachelor: Early Settlement in Manitoba. (Vancouver: 2011, University of British Columbia Press. Pp. xv-226. ISBN 978-0-7748-1916-9) Way of Bachelor is a history of early immigrants to Western Manitoba and adjacent areas. group history is successfully told through stories of individuals who might be different from each other in various ways, but due to institutional and social context, experienced similar life patterns in Canadian Prairies in period between their first arrival and repeal of Canadian Immigration Act (1884-1947). This life pattern is termed the way of bachelor, which refers to a process of settlers, who were often separated from their families in China and forced to live with other males of same ethnicity, forming relationships, becoming nominal Christians, and winning respect of town people (108). similar contextual situation and life track define a united community: Chinese men who worked together in laundries and cafes may not have been brothers by blood, but they were perceived to be family and, therefore, as 'brothers' by race (11). In same vein of Benedict Anderson, Marshall constantly reminds us that a group identity is not born, but imagined, and sometimes emerges as a strategy to cope with social reality. Marshall, therefore, suggests that choice of personal free will in certain social circumstances consciously or unconsciously facilitates construction of collective pattern. On other hand, Marshall is aware of tension between collectiveness and individuality. Inspired by Erving Goffman, she understands that personal identity in many cases is situational and multiple. Marshall writes, Thus, bachelors behaved as Christians on front and in more traditional ways on back stage (12). behavioral differences in public and private spaces is attributed to desires of individuals to fit into local communities, their increased involvement with KMT [Chinese Nationalist League or Kuomingtang] and other political and social institutions, religious ambivalence, ambiguous nature of religion, and efficacy (23). However, nominal identity as Christian on front of life of settlers does not indicate deception of religious affiliation; rather, Marshall insightfully points out that ambiguity is most salient characteristic of immigrants' identity, which incorporated modern (which emerged around 1900), Western Christian ideas, and Confucian and Nationalist ideas (2). This ambiguity of identity is thought to be associated with historical and social settings of Canadian Prairies. Marshall notices that, unlike metropolitan centers such as Vancouver and Toronto with a considerable population to support more traditional culture and customs, identity in Prairie Provinces was often under negotiation in dilemma between being acculturated and being traditional. Marshall realizes that restaurants in Prairies, especially those in small towns, as well as food they served, provided and non-Chinese a place for discussion. She notes, The cafe is a complex space representing intersection and flow of multiple cultures, commodities, and identities (125). …
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.008 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.006 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.033 | 0.006 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".