Electron precipitation from EMIC waves: A case study from 31 May 2013
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract On 31 May 2013 several rising tone electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves with intervals of pulsations of diminishing periods were observed in the magnetic local time afternoon and evening sectors during the onset of a moderate/large geomagnetic storm. The waves were sequentially observed in Finland, Antarctica, and western Canada. Coincident electron precipitation by a network of ground‐based Antarctic Arctic Radiation‐belt Dynamic Deposition VLF Atmospheric Research Konsortia and riometer instruments, as well as the Polar‐orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite (POES) electron telescopes, was also observed. At the same time, POES detected 30–80 keV proton precipitation drifting westward at locations that were consistent with the ground‐based observations, indicating substorm injection. Through detailed modeling of the combination of ground and satellite observations, the characteristics of the EMIC‐induced electron precipitation were identified as latitudinal width of 2–3° or ΔL = 1 Re, longitudinal width ~50° or 3 h magnetic local time, lower cutoff energy 280 keV, typical flux 1 × 104 el cm−2 sr−1 s−1 > 300 keV. The lower cutoff energy of the most clearly defined EMIC rising tone in this study confirms the identification of a class of EMIC‐induced precipitation events with unexpectedly low‐energy cutoffs of <400 keV.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".