Instantaneous photonic microwave frequency measurement with a maximized measurement range
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The use of photonic techniques to achieve frequency-to-power mapping is very attractive for instantaneous microwave frequency measurement. To have a large measurement range and a uniform measurement resolution in the range, to accurately evaluate the center frequency of a continuous-wave (CW) as well as a pulsed microwave signal, and to easily perform calibration of the measurement system, a linear amplitude comparison function (ACF), defined as the ratio of two powers of the microwave signal experiencing different power fading, is highly desirable. In this paper, we propose and demonstrate, for the first time, a novel technique to achieve a linear ACF for microwave frequency measurement with a maximized measurement range. For a measurement resolution of ≅0.4 GHz, a measurement range of 0˜25 GHz is obtained for a CW microwave signal and a measurement range of 3˜18 GHz is achieved for a pulsed microwave signal. The system is potentially integratable in a monolithically chip, which have the desirable features of small size, low cost and stable operations.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".