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Record W1499437868 · doi:10.20381/ruor-5152

Geochemistry and Noble Gases of Permafrost Groundwater and Ground Ice in Yukon and the Northwest Territories, Canada

2012· dissertation· en· W1499437868 on OpenAlexvenueaboutno aff
Nicholas Utting

Bibliographic record

VenueLibrary and Archives Canada (Government of Canada) · 2012
Typedissertation
Languageen
FieldEarth and Planetary Sciences
TopicClimate change and permafrost
Canadian institutionsnot available
Fundersnot available
KeywordsPermafrostGroundwaterGeologyNoble gasEarth sciencePhysical geographyGeochemistryGeographyOceanographyGeotechnical engineering

Abstract

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In Canada’s western Arctic, perennial discharge from permafrost watersheds is the surface manifestation of active groundwater flow systems, yet understanding the mechanisms of groundwater recharge and flow in periglacial environments remains enigmatic. This thesis addresses questions on how and where groundwater recharge occurs. Watersheds were selected in Yukon (Fishing Branch River at Bear Cave Mountain) and the Northwest Territories at latitudes spanning from continuous to discontinuous permafrost (five tributary rivers to the Mackenzie River from Wrigley to Aklavik). All are characterized by perennial flow with open water in the winter, and discharge from sedimentary formations of karstic carbonates and evaporate rocks. Determinations of groundwater contributions to discharge, mixing, recharge conditions and circulation times were made on the basis of a suite of analytical approaches involving measurements of major dissolved ions, δ18O, δD, δ13CDIC, 3H, noble gases and flow gauging was conducted at some sites. The application of these tracers show that hydrogeological conditions and flow paths in permafrost terrains are surprisingly similar to those of temperate regions. Groundwater recharge was determined to be a mix of annual precipitation with contributions from snowmelt and precipitation. All systems investigated show that groundwaters have recharged through organic soils with elevated PCO2, which suggests that recharge occurs largely during summer when biological activity is high. Noble gas concentrations show that the recharge temperature was between 0 and 6 °C, which, when considered in the context of discharge temperatures, suggests that there is no significant imbalance of energy flux into the subsurface. Groundwater ages were found using the 3H-3He method and were dependent on flow path. By characterizing groundwater and surface water chemistry, the proportion of groundwater was found in numerous water courses. The possible impact of ground ice formation and melting on noble gas concentrations in groundwater was considered. To assess this link, a new method to measure the noble gas composition of ground ice bodies was developed. The method can be used to determine the origin of ice, based on changes in noble gas ratios between ice originating from compaction of snow (e.g. glacier ice) vs. ice originating from freezing of water. No significant fractionation of noble gases during groundwater freezing and ground ice formation was identified. Applied to determination of the origin of ground ice bodies, the method was shown to be both diagnostic of ice origin and un-encumbered by reactivity in the subsurface, which compromises the use of the dominant atmospheric gases (O2 and N2). Résumé Dans l’Ouest de l'Arctique canadien, la décharge pérenne dans certaines rivières en région de pergélisol est la manifestation en surface d’une circulation d’eau souterraine; cependant la compréhension des mécanismes d’écoulement et de recharge des eaux souterraines en région de pergélisol demeure énigmatique. Cette thèse s’intéresse à la question de savoir comment et où la recharge des eaux souterraines se produit. Des bassins versants ont été choisis au Yukon (Rivière Fishing Branch à Bear Cave Mountain) et dans les Territoire du Nord-Ouest à des latitudes s’étendant du pergélisol discontinu au pergélisol continu (cinq tributaires du Mackenzie entre Wrigley et Aklavik). Toutes ces rivières ont un écoulement d’eau pérenne avec des zones non gelées et une décharge dans des formations sédimentaires de roches carbonatées et d‘évaporites. L’identification des contributions des eaux à la décharge, les mélanges, les conditions de recharge, et les temps de circulation ont été faits à partir d’analyses qui ont inclus les concentrations en éléments majeurs, leur valeur isotopique (δ18O, δD, δ13C, 3H), ainsi que leur teneur en gaz rares. A certain des sites analysés des mesures d’écoulement ont été prises. L’application de ces traceurs montre que les conditions hydrauliques et le chemin des écoulements en région de pergélisol sont similaires à ceux des régions tempérées. La recharge en eau souterraine a été identifiée comme étant un mélange de précipitations annuelles, avec des contributions de neige et de pluies. Tous les systèmes étudiés montrent que les eaux souterraines se sont rechargées en traversant des sols organiques avec une PCO2 élevée, ce qui suggère que la recharge se produire largement durant l’été quand l’activité biologique est élevée. Cependant, les concentrations en gaz nobles montre que la température de recharge des eaux souterraines était entre 0 et 6 °C ce qui indique qu’il n’y a pas de déséquilibre de flux d’énergie à l’intérieur de la zone proche de la surface. L’âge des eaux a été déterminé par la méthode 3H-3He et cet âge est dépendant du chemin d'écoulement. En caractérisant les paramètres chimiques des eaux de surface et des eaux souterraines, il a été possible de trouver la contribution des eaux souterraines aux eaux surface. Le possible impact de la formation et de la fonte de la glace souterraine sur les concentrations des gaz nobles a été considéré. Pour déterminer s’il y a un lien entre ceux-ci, une nouvelle méthode pour mesurer la concentration en gaz nobles dans les glaces souterraines a été développée. La méthode peut être utilisée pour déterminer l’origine de la glace; elle est basée sur les changements dans les rapports des gaz nobles entre la glace issue de la compaction de la neige (c’est-à-dire la glace de glacier) par opposition à la glace issue du gel de l’eau. Aucun fractionnement significatif des gaz nobles durant l’engel des eaux souterraines et la formation de glaces souterraines n’a été identifié. Appliquée à l’identification de l’origine des masses de glace enfouies, on a montré que la méthode pouvait permettre d’identifier l’origine des glaces souterraines sans qu’elle soit affectée par des réactions biologiques de sub-surface, lesquelles rendent inutilisables les gaz atmosphériques (O2, and N2).

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

How this classification was reachedexpand

Full frame machine prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.000
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061cValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Observational · Consensus signal: Observational
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.028
Threshold uncertainty score0.067

Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0010.003
Science and technology studies0.0020.000
Scholarly communication0.0010.000
Open science0.0000.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0010.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.005
GPT teacher head0.149
Teacher spread0.144 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it

Classification

machine, unvalidated

Machine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.

The models applied no category: nothing in the taxonomy fit this work.
Study designObservational
Domainnot available
GenreEmpirical

How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".

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Citations3
Published2012
Admission routes2
Has abstractyes

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Same venueLibrary and Archives Canada (Government of Canada)Same topicClimate change and permafrostFrench-language works237,207