Nesfatin‐1 Suppresses Energy Intake, Co‐localises Ghrelin in the Brain and Gut, and Alters Ghrelin, Cholecystokinin and Orexin mRNA Expression in Goldfish
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Nesfatin-1 is a novel anorectic peptide encoded in the precursor protein nucleobindin-2 (NUCB2). We recently reported the presence and appetite suppressing effects of nesfatin-1 in goldfish. Nesfatin-1 has been co-localised with ghrelin in the stomach of rats. Whether nesfatin-1 influences other appetite regulatory peptides in goldfish remains unclear. The main objectives of the present study were to investigate whether nesfatin-1 co-localises ghrelin in goldfish, and to test whether exogenous nesfatin-1 influences endogenous ghrelin, cholecystokinin (CCK) and orexin A (OXA). We found co-localisation of nesfatin-1-like and ghrelin-like immunoreactivity in the enteroendocrine cells of the goldfish anterior intestine (J-loop). Furthermore, co-localisation of ghrelin and nesfatin-1 was also observed in the posterior nucleus lateralis tuberis of the goldfish hypothalamus, a brain region implicated in the regulation of food intake. These findings suggest a functional relationship between ghrelin and nesfatin-1 in goldfish. In support of this, i.c.v. administration of goldfish (gf) nesfatin-1 [25 ng/g body weight (BW)], suppressed food intake and the expression of mRNAs encoding preproghrelin, ghrelin receptor (GHS-R 1a-1), CCK and NUCB2 in the forebrain of fed fish, as well as ghrelin and NUCB2 mRNA in the hypothalamus of unfed fish, both at 1 h post-injection. Nesfatin-1 stimulated hypothalamic CCK mRNA expression at 30 min post-injection in fed fish, and inhibited OXA mRNA in the unfed fish hypothalamus 1 h post-injection. Similarly, i.c.v. injections of gfghrelin (1 ng/g BW), although stimulating food intake, suppressed NUCB2 and preproghrelin mRNAs, but not ghrelin receptor mRNA expression in the forebrain. It is also evident that exogenous ghrelin and nesfatin-1 mRNAs encoding these peptides. Our novel results indicate interactions between nesfatin-1 and ghrelin, CCK and orexin, and show that nesfatin-1 acts on other appetite regulatory peptides in a time- and feeding status-dependent, as well as tissue-specific, manner in goldfish.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it