Electromagnetic Wave Propagation in Ionospheric Plasma

Ionosphere physics is related to plasma physics because the ionosphere is, of course, a weak natural plasma: an electrically neutral assembly of ions and electrons [1]. The ionosphere plays a unique role in the Earth’s environment because of strong coupling process to regions below and above [2]. The ionosphere is an example of naturally occurring plasma formed by solar photo-ionization and soft x-ray radiation. The most important feature of the ionosphere is to reflect the radio waves up to 30 MHz. Especially, the propagation of these radio waves on the HF band makes the necessary to know the features and the characteristics of the ionospheric plasma media. Because, when the radio waves reflect in this media, they are reflected and refracted depending on their frequency, the frequency of the electrons in the plasma and the refractive index of the media and thus, they are absorbed and reflected by the media. The understanding of the existence of a conductive layer in the upper atmosphere has been emerged in a century ago. The idea of a conductive layer affected by the variations of the magnetic field in the atmosphere has been put forward by the Gauss in 1839 and Kelvin in 1860. Newfoundland radio signal from Cornwall to be issued by Marconi in 1901, at the first experimental evidence of the existence of ionospheric, respectively. In 1902, Kennely and Heaviside indicated that the waves are reflected from a conductive layer on the upper parts of the atmosphere. In 1902, Marconi stated that changing the conditions of night and day spread. In 1918, high-frequency band has been used by aircraft and ships. HF band in the 1920s has increased the importance of expansion. Then, put forward the theory of reflective conductive region, has been shown by experiments made by Appleton and Barnet. The data from the 1930s started to get clearer about the ionosphere and The Radio Research Station, Cavendish Laboratory, the National Braun of Standards, the various agencies such as the Carnegie Institution began to deal with the issue. In the second half of the 20th century, the work of the HF electromagnetic wave has been studied by divided into three as the fullwave theory, geometrical optics and conductivity. Despite initiation of widespread use of satellite-Earth communication systems, the use of HF radio spectrum for civilian and military purposes is increasing. Collapse of communication systems, especially in case of emergency situations, communication is vital in this band. In the ionosphere, a balance between photo-ionization and various loss mechanisms gives rise to an equilibrium density of free electrons and ions with a horizontal stratified

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