From Public Charity to Regulatory Interventionism in the Spanish “Social Question” (1822-1920)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to analyze the various measures related to the question of social assistance, taken from the perspective of political economy, in Spain during the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth century. It studies the replacement of the old system of religious and private charity belonging to the ancient regime with the liberal State social assistance system based on public charity. Consequently, it studies the political and legal measures aimed at addressing the so-called “social question” and at replacing charity with social security. To this end, it recognizes the process of transition begun with the creation of the Commission of Social Reforms in 1883 and put into practice in 1900 with the approval of the first social security. Finally, it outlines the policies carried out in the first decades of the twentieth century, regarding protection, health care, social prevision and social security, and the process of creation of the first organizations charged with managing the labour laws and the social security: the Institute of Social Reforms and the National Institute of Prevision.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.017 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".