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Using Coagulants to remove organic matter

2000· article· en· W1503469698 on OpenAlex

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

fundA Canadian funder is recorded on the work.
no affNo Canadian affiliation: this work is invisible to an affiliation-only frame.
No Canadian affiliation. An affiliation-only frame, the usual design, would never have seen this work. It is one of the works that make the case for inverting the frame.

Bibliographic record

VenueAmerican Water Works Association · 2000
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldEnvironmental Science
TopicWater Treatment and Disinfection
Canadian institutionsnot available
FundersNatural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
KeywordsAlumChemistryTurbidityTannic acidCoagulationOrganic matterWater treatmentRaw waterAluminium sulfateEnvironmental chemistryHumic acidPulp and paper industryFlocculationEnvironmental engineeringOrganic chemistryEnvironmental science

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

This study examined removal of organic matter (OM) by coagulation in drinking water treatment. First, the ability of three coagulants to simultaneously reduce turbidity and remove OM from water was determined. The coagulants tested were the commercial products alum and polyaluminum chloride (PACl) and a polyaluminum hydroxysulfate (PAHS) synthesized in the authors' laboratory. Tannic, humic, lignosulfonic, and salicylic acids (SAL) were used as model organic compounds in cold and warm water. The effect of the concentration of tannic acid was also examined, and semiquantitative relationships between OM concentration and coagulant dosage required were determined. In cold water, PACl and PAHS were efficient coagulants for all organic compounds except SAL (which was not itself removed, although it did not inhibit turbidity reduction). However, alum was a poor coagulant in the presence or absence of OM. In warm water, alum and PACl were the more efficient coagulants. OM had approximately the same effect on alum at both temperatures, but its effect on PACl was somewhat increased in warm water. Although PAHS effectively reduced turbidity in the absence of OM or in the presence of SAL, the presence of the other organic substances greatly increased the coagulant demand in warm water.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.000
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesInsufficient payload (model declined to judge)
Consensus categoriesInsufficient payload (model declined to judge)
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Observational · Consensus signal: Observational
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.017
Threshold uncertainty score0.986

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.000
Science and technology studies0.0000.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0000.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0150.015

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.007
GPT teacher head0.221
Teacher spread0.215 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it