Reactive Oxygen Species and Endothelial Function – Role of Nitric Oxide Synthase Uncoupling and Nox Family Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate Oxidases
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The healthy endothelium prevents platelet aggregation and leucocyte adhesion, controls permeability to plasma components and maintains vascular integrity. Damage to the endothelium promotes endothelial dysfunction characterized by: altered endothelium-mediated vasodilation, increased vascular reactivity, platelet aggregation, thrombus formation, increased permeability, leucocyte adhesion and monocyte migration. Molecular processes contributing to these phenomena include increased expression of adhesion molecules, synthesis of pro-inflammatory and pro-thrombotic factors and increased endothelin-1 secretion. Decreased nitric oxide bioavailability and increased generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) are among the major molecular changes associated with endothelial dysfunction. A critical source of endothelial ROS is a family of non-phagocytic nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases, including the prototypic Nox2-based NADPH oxidases, Nox1, Nox4 and Nox5. Other possible sources include mitochondrial electron transport enzymes, xanthine oxidase, cyclooxygenase, lipoxygenase and uncoupled nitric oxide synthase (NOS). Cross-talk between ROS-generating enzymes, such as mitochondrial oxidases and Noxs, is increasingly implicated in cellular ROS production. The present review discusses the importance of endothelial ROS in health and disease and focuses on the major ROS-generating systems in the endothelium, namely uncoupled endothelial nitric oxide synthase and NADPH oxidases.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".