Bibliographic record
Abstract
There are definitely signs of economic difficulties in the Montreal area. The growth of population, the rate of unemployment, the productivity of its manufacturing industries, the exodus of head offices of major financial institutions and corporations and several other key indicators of economic growth suggest that the Montreal area has been going through a profound economic malaise. The basic question one might raise is whether such economic difficulties reflect a secular stagnation or merely a cyclical recession. This paper is addressed to this question. This paper's thesis is that economic difficulties and the loss of economic supremacy of Montreal are not a matter of cyclical recession and that they are the consequences of a secular stagnation which began as early as 1970's. Started originally by fur and wheat trade and, later, by the trade of iron ore and other minerals, stimulated by railroad and telecommunications, Montreal largely dominated Toronto until 1920's. However, during the decades that followed, while Toronto was taking advantage of the westward shift of economic frontiers in the United States and was rapidly adopting its economy to changing economic conditions, Montreal was unable to readjust its industrial structure to new market and technological requirements. As a result, Montreal has been loosing its traditional market in the West as well as in the Atlantic provinces and the economic gap between Toronto and Montreal in favor of the former has been widening ever since. This is illustrated well by the evolution of the value of building permits. In short, recent economic difficulties in the Montreal area reflect a secular stagnation of its economy and are not the result of a cyclical recession. In light of these considerations, it is clear that needed remedies require something much more then policies applied so far by the government.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.015 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".